List of Heads of State of Argentina edit extracted from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (using Wikipedia Reflection Script)

Argentina

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Argentina has had many different types of Heads of State, as well as many different types of government throughout its history. During Pre-Columbian times the territories that nowadays belong to Argentina were mainly inhabited by nomadic tribes, without any defined government. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, but eventually temporary Viceroys were designated for local government. The territories that would later belong to Argentina were included in the bigger Viceroyalty of Peru, and later in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros was ousted during the 1810 May Revolution, and replaced with a Junta, the Primera Junta, that would turn itself into the Junta Grande in 1811 with the incorporation of provincial deputies. Acting on the name of King Ferdinand VII (taken prisoner by the Napoleonic French Empire), the Junta assumed legislative powers, delegating the administrative powers on a Triumvirate, which was to be soon followed by a second one.

In 1813 a Supreme National Assembly was elected, with constitutional and legislative mandates. It is commonly known as the Assembly of the Year XIII (Spanish: Asamblea del Año XIII) although it legislated until the Constitutional Assembly of 1816 known as the Congress of Tucumán, which officially declared Independence from Spain. In 1814, the Assembly had created a new executive authority, with atributions similar to that of a Head of State, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. The office was to be occupied for fixed periods of time by Directors chosen by the Assembly, but proved in fact to be a very unstable office for most of the period, frequently subject to military mutinies or coups. In 1816, the Congress of Tucumán elected Juan Martín de Pueyrredón as Supreme Director so, after the July 9th Argentine Declaration of Independence, he would become the first Head of State of what was to become Argentina.

Pueyrredón had to quit office after the 1819 Constitution was enacted by the Congress (now assembled in Buenos Aires), due to the strong opposition from the Provinces and the Liga Federal to the centralist aspects of both the Directory system and the Constitution. In 1820, after the Federal forces defeated at Cepeda the last Director José Rondeau, the national organization had to wait until 1826 to experience a new, short-lived, attempt at establishing any central authority. On behalf of the Constitution of 1826, Bernardino Rivadavia was elected the first President of Argentina. Rivadavia and his Vice-President and succesor Vicente López y Planes both resigned shortly after, as the Constitution was again rejected.

After those experiences, the Argentine Provinces organized themselves as a loose confederation, without any central authority, in what was to be known as the Argentine Confederation. After 1835, when Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas began to exercise his hegemony well beyond his own Buenos Aires Province, his post was granted with the administration of the foreign relations of the Confederation as a whole. Rosas kept his office until the Battle of Caseros of 1852 paved the way for a new Constitutional Assembly. In 1853, the current Constitution of Argentina was promulgated and Justo José de Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as Head of Government and Head of State. However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent State until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón, in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first President of a unified Argentine Republic.

The succession of constitutional Presidents run uninterrupted until the 1930 military coup d'état led by José Félix Uriburu, which in the lapse of a few months derived in the so-called Infamous Decade of patriotic fraud of the 1930s. Another military, nationalist, coup took place in 1943 against the previous governments, ending in 1946 with the democratic election of Juan Perón. Then again, a violent military coup deposed Perón in the so-called Revolución Libertadora of 1955, partially restoring civilian rule in 1958 but intervening again on the 1962 quiet coup.

Between 1966 and 1973, the authoritarian military government known as Revolución Argentina hold power, as it later did the National Reorganization Process Juntas of 1976-1983.

Since the election of Raúl Alfonsín in 1983, civilian governments regained rule and enjoyed an uninterrumped succession, according to the Constitutional provisions, until present.

Currently, the retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics. ¹²³

The current Head of State of Argentina is President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who took office on 10th December, 2007 for a four-year term.

After Independence

• After the May Revolution, the Viceroy was replaced in Buenos Aires by two succesive Juntas, the Primera Junta, and then the Junta Grande which incorporated several provincial delegates. The difficulty of its collegiate composition for an effective Executive action was solved by establishing the First and Second Triumvirates, and then a unipersonal office called Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. These initial revolutionary governments did not declare Independence from Spain until 1816, in part due to serious internal disagreements about the political objectives of the Revolution, so the process was concealed with a formal alligeance to the prisioner King (in a move some historians call the Mask of Ferdinand VII⁴⁵⁶). However, as the Independence War gained momentum, and the Spanish King was restored on his throne in 1815, the Revolutionaries proclaimed Independence on July 9 1816, but it was not recognized by any foreign power until mid 1820s. The name of the nation, back then, used to be United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata):

Junta Presidents

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Notes
-		Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros	24 May 1810	25 May 1810	The May 22 Open Cabildo decided to remove him as Viceroy and name a Junta to replace him. Ar first, he was named President of the Junta, but the following day a local uprising forced him to resign.
Primera Junta Junta Grande		Cornelio Saavedra	25 May 1810	26 Aug 1811	President of the Primera Junta and of its succesor Junta Grande. Left to serve in the Army of the North.
Junta Grande		Domingo Matheu	26 Aug 1811	22 Sep 1811	Interim President of the Junta Grande, since Saavedra's departure until the dissolution of it.

Triumvirates

First Triumvirate

• The defeat at the Battle of Huaqui generated a political crisis that led to the disband of the Junta Grande and its replacement by a triumvirate. Bernardino Rivadavia, despite being only a Secretary of War to the Triumvirate, was highly influential in this period.⁷

Members	Feliciano Chiclana	Manuel de Sarratea	Juan José Paso	/	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
Term	22 Sep 1811 8 Oct 1812	22 Sep 1811 8 Oct 1812	22 Sep 1811 23 Mar 1812		23 Mar 1812 8 Oct 1812
Notes			Resigned due to political conflicts with Chiclana		Replacement for Paso

Second Triumvirate

• The First Triumvirate was criticized for not having a strong commitment with the Argentine War of Independence. This led José de San Martín, Carlos María de Alvear and the Logia Lautaro to revolt against it, and promote instead a Government commited to the independentist cause.

Members	Juan José Paso	Nicolás Rodríguez Peña	Antonio Álvarez Jonte	/	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas
Term	8 Oct 1812 31 Jan 1814	8 Oct 1812 31 Jan 1814	8 Oct 1812 19 Aug 1813		19 Aug 1813 31 Jan 1814
Notes					Replacement for Álvarez Jonte

Supreme Directors

• The Second Triumvirate called for the Asamblea del Año XIII which, among other things, replaced the authority of the Triumvirate with the unipersonal office of the Supreme Director.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Notes
-		Gervasio Antonio de Posadas	31 Jan 1814	9 Jan 1815	Resigned.
-		Carlos María de Alvear	9 Jan 1815	18 Apr 1815	Resigned.

Interim Third Triumvirate

• Following the overthrown of Alvear, a Third Triumvirate took power for a couple of days until a new Director was chosen.

Members	José de San Martín	Matías de Irigoyen	Manuel de Sarratea
Term	April 18 to 20, 1815	April 18 to 20, 1815	April 18 to 20, 1815

Supreme Directors

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Notes
-		José Rondeau	20 Apr 1816	21 Apr 1816	Interim
-		Ignacio Álvarez Thomas	21 Apr 1815	16 Apr 1816	Interim
-		Antonio González de Balcarce	16 Apr 1816	9 Jul 1816	Interim
-		Juan Martín de Pueyrredón	9 Jul 1816	9 Jun 1819
-		José Rondeau	9 Jun 1819	11 Feb 1820
-		Juan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya	11 Feb 1820	16 Feb 1820	interim

The first Presidential Government

• After the 1820 dismissal of the Unitarian Constitution of 1819, a rather new one was only enacted in 1826, establishing a President of Argentina to wield the Executive Power of the Nation. This Constitution, and this office as well, were to be short-lived, because of its Centralist bias and also because of the difficulties arosen from the peace negotiations on the aftermath of the War with Brazil.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
1		Bernardino Rivadavia	8 Feb 1826	7 Jul 1827	Unitarian	Resigned
2		Vicente López y Planes	7 Jul 1827	18 Aug 1827		Interim, ended by dissolution of national government

The Argentine Confederation

• After the dissolution of the first Presidential Government, Argentina was to be without an effective central government for another 28 years. Since the 1830s, the nation began to be commonly known as Argentine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Argentina). It was, in fact, a loose Confederation of Provinces during the years of the Pacto Federal, and until the 1852 Battle of Caseros. During this period, some Governor was to be designated by the other Provinces as a Chairman of Foreign Relations for the whole of the Confederation. Buenos Aires Province Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas retained this office for seventeen consecutive years, and became Supreme Chief of the Confederation in 1851, before he was overthrown by his former General-in-Chief Justo José de Urquiza at Caseros.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
—		Manuel Dorrego	12 Aug 1827	13 Dec 1828	Federal	Executed by Juan Lavalle
—		Juan Lavalle	13 Dec 1828	26 Aug 1829	Unitarian	Forced by Juan Manuel de Rosas to resign with the Cañuelas pact.
—		Juan Jose Viamonte	26 Aug 1829	5 Dec 1829	Federal	Interim governor
—		Juan Manuel de Rosas	5 Dec 1829	17 Dec 1832	Federal	Designated by the legislature of Buenos Aires. Resigned.
—		Juan Ramón Balcarce	17 Dec 1832	5 Nov 1833	Federal
—		Juan Jose Viamonte	5 Nov 1833	1 Oct 1834	Federal	Interim
—		Manuel Vicente Maza	1 Oct 1834	Mar 1835	Federal	Interim
—		Juan Manuel de Rosas	Mar 1835	20 Sep 1851	Federal
—		Juan Manuel de Rosas	20 Sep 1851	3 Feb 1852	Federal	As Supreme Chief of the Confederation
—		Justo José de Urquiza	3 Feb 1852	5 Mar 1854	Federal	provisional Director

The Argentine Republic

• The Provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation called for a Constitutional Assembly that enacted the 1853 Constitution. Since this Constitution (through a series of ammendments and reforms) is still effective to this day, the Presidents elected on its basis from then on are often referred to as constitutional presidents.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
3		Justo José de Urquiza	5 Mar 1854	5 Mar 1860	Federal
4		Santiago Derqui	5 Mar 1860	5 Nov 1861	Federal	Resigned
5		Juan Esteban Pedernera	5 Nov 1861	12 Dec 1861	Military	acting

• At the 1861 Battle of Pavón, the conflict between the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires was decided in favour of the latter entity, and the dissolution of the National Authorities ensued. The Governor of Buenos Aires acted as interim President until subsequent elections ratified him in office, so becoming the first President of a unified Argentine Republic.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
—		Bartolomé Mitre	12 Apr 1862	12 Oct 1862	Lib	Governor of Buenos Aires, acting
6		Bartolomé Mitre	12 Oct 1862	12 Oct 1868	Lib	First president of the unified country.
7		Domingo Faustino Sarmiento	12 Oct 1868	12 Oct 1874	Lib
8		Nicolás Avellaneda	12 Oct 1874	12 Oct 1880	PN
9		Julio Argentino Roca	12 Oct 1880	12 Oct 1886	PAN	First term
10		Miguel Juárez Celman	12 Oct 1886	6 Aug 1890	PAN - PN	Resigned
11		Carlos Pellegrini	6 Aug 1890	12 Oct 1892	PAN
12		Luis Sáenz Peña	12 Oct 1892	22 Jan 1895	PAN	Resigned
13		José Evaristo Uriburu	22 Jan 1895	12 Oct 1898	PAN
14		Julio Argentino Roca	12 Oct 1898	12 Oct 1904	PAN	Second term
15		Manuel Quintana	12 Oct 1904	25 Jan 1906	PAN - Lib	Replaced by vicepresident Alcorta, died the following 12 March 1906
16		José Figueroa Alcorta	25 Jan 1906	12 Oct 1910	PAN
17		Roque Sáenz Peña	12 Oct 1910	9 Aug 1914	PAN - Mod	Died in office
18		Victorino de la Plaza	9 Aug 1914	12 Oct 1916	PAN

• The Governments hereafter were elected by Free and Universal (Male) Suffrage (exception made of the de facto military governments):

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
19		Hipólito Yrigoyen	12 Oct 1916	12 Oct 1922	UCR	First term
20		Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear	12 Oct 1922	12 Oct 1928	UCR
21		Hipólito Yrigoyen	12 Oct 1928	6 Sep 1930	UCR	Second term, ousted from office

• In 1930, the first military coup d'etat occurred in Argentine modern history and its leader assumed the title of President. Months later, he was followed in office by a series of Presidents elected in an openly fraudulent fashion, the whole period being known as the Infamous Decade.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
22		José Félix Uriburu	6 Sep 1930	20 Feb 1932	Mil	De Facto
23		Agustín Pedro Justo	20 Feb 1932	20 Feb 1938	Conc
24		Roberto María Ortiz	20 Feb 1938	27 Jun 1942	UCR-A - Conc	Died in office
25		Ramón Castillo	27 Jun 1942	4 Jun 1943	PDN - Conc	Deposed in a coup d'état

• In 1943, another coup d'état occurred, bringing in a new line of military Presidents:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
26		Arturo Rawson	4 Jun 1943	7 Jun 1943	Mil	De facto President of the Provisional Government, ousted from office
27		Pedro Pablo Ramírez	7 Jun 1943	9 Mar 1944	Mil	De facto President of the Provisional Government, resigned
28		Edelmiro Julián Farrell	11 Mar 1944	4 Jun 1946	Mil	De facto

• After the demisal of the last de facto government, a new President was elected by popular vote. In 1949, a new Constitution (which enabled presidential re-elections) was enacted. The 1952 Presidential election was the first one to allow Women's Suffrage:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
29		Juan Perón	4 Jun 1946	4 Jun 1952	Lab	First term
29		Juan Perón	4 Jun 1952	20 Sep 1955	PJ	Second term, ousted from office

• In 1955, a military coup self-styled Revolución Libertadora deposed the previous Government, annulled the 1949 Constitution and prohibited the expression and political representation of Peronism:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
30		José Domingo Molina Gómez	20 Sep 1955	23 Sep 1955	Mil	De facto, replaced by the military Junta.
31		Eduardo Lonardi	23 Sep 1955	13 Nov 1955	Mil	De Facto, resigned
32		Pedro Eugenio Aramburu	13 Nov 1955	1 May 1958	Mil	De facto

• Although the Peronist movement was proscribed, a fragile Democracy was restored. The President elected in 1958 was deposed by a coup four years later, succeeded by constitutional mechanisms and eventually new elections. But the new President was to be deposed soon after as well:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
33		Arturo Frondizi	1 May 1958	29 Mar 1962	UCRI	Ousted from office
34		José María Guido	29 Mar 1962	12 Oct 1963	UCRI	President of the senate, acting as president
35		Arturo Umberto Illia	12 Oct 1963	28 Jun 1966	UCRP	Ousted from office

• In 1966, the military coup self-styled Revolución Argentina took power:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
—		Revolutionary Junta	28 Jun 1966	29 Jun 1966	Mil
36		Juan Carlos Onganía	29 Jun 1966	8 Jun 1970	Mil	De facto, removed from office
—		Revolutionary Junta	8 Jun 1970	18 Jun 1970	Mil
37		Roberto M. Levingston	18 Jun 1970	23 March 1971	Mil	De facto, removed from office
38		Alejandro A. Lanusse	26 Mar 1971	25 May 1973	Mil	De facto

• In 1973, Peronism was allowed political expression. But the new democratic restoration was short-lived because of serious political turmoil:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
39		Héctor José Cámpora	25 May 1973	13 Jul 1973	FJL	Resigned
40		Raúl Alberto Lastiri	13 Jul 1973	12 Oct 1973	FJL	For Cámpora Interim
41		Juan Perón	12 Oct 1973	30 Jun 1974	FJL - PJ	Third term, died in office
42		Isabel Martínez de Perón	30 Jun 1974	24 Mar 1976	FJL - PJ	Ítalo Argentino Lúder served as acting President from September 13, 1975 until October 16, 1975. Deposed in a coup d'état

• On 24 March 1976, the National Reorganization Process military dictatorships took power. It was to be the last military coup in Argentine history up to date:

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
—		Military Junta	24 Mar 1976	29 Mar 1976	Mil
43		Jorge Rafael Videla	29 Mar 1976	29 Mar 1981	Mil	De facto
44		Roberto Eduardo Viola	29 Mar 1980	12 Dec 1981	Mil	De facto, resigned
45		Leopoldo Galtieri	22 Dec 1981	17 Jun 1982	Mil	De facto
46		Reynaldo Bignone	1 Jul 1982	10 Dec 1983	Mil	De facto

• In 1983, the last transition from military rule to civil elected authorities in Argentine History took place, so the current period is known as the Return to democracy. By the 1994 constitutional reform, the Presidential period was shortened to four years, and a single consecutive presidential re-election was enabled. Years later, a severe economic crisis led to the chaotical December 2001 riots in Argentina, which resulted in the resignation of the President and a rapid succession of interinates. Since 2003, the normal succession of Presidents was restored.

#	Picture	Name	Term start	Term end	Affiliation	Notes
47		Raúl Alfonsín	10 Dec 1983	8 Jul 1989	UCR	Resigned
48		Carlos Menem	8 Jul 1989	8 Jul 1995	PJ	First term
49		Carlos Menem	8 Jul 1995	10 Dec 1999	PJ	Second term
50		Fernando de la Rúa	10 Dec 1999	20 Dec 2001	UCR - Alianza	Resigned
—		Ramón Puerta	21 Dec 2001	22 Dec 2001	PJ	Interim
51		Adolfo Rodríguez Saá	22 Dec 2001	30 Dec 2001	PJ	Elected by Congress Assembled; resigned
—		Eduardo Camaño	31 Dec 2001	1 Jan 2002	PJ	Interim
52		Eduardo Duhalde	2 Jan 2002	25 May 2003	PJ	Elected by Congress Assembled; resigned
53		Néstor Kirchner	25 May 2003	10 Dec 2007	FPV - PJ
54		Cristina Fernández de Kirchner	10 Dec 2007		FPV - PJ	Incumbent

Affiliations

See also

• President of Argentina
• Politics of Argentina
• List of Vice-Presidents of Argentina
• Lists of incumbents

References

External links

• Rulers.org — Argentina list of rulers for Argentina

v • d • e Heads of state of Argentina May Revolution and Independence War Period up to Asamblea del Año XIII (1810–1814) Primera Junta  · Junta Grande  · First Triumvirate  · Second Triumvirate Supreme Directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1814–1820) Gervasio Antonio de Posadas · Carlos María de Alvear · José Rondeau · Ignacio Álvarez Thomas · Antonio González de Balcarce · Juan Martín de Pueyrredón · José Rondeau · Juan Pedro Aguirre Unitarian Republic - First Presidential Government (1826–1827) Bernardino Rivadavia · Vicente López y Planes Pacto Federal and Argentine Confederation (1827–1862) Manuel Dorrego · Juan Manuel de Rosas · Juan Ramón Balcarce · Juan José Viamonte · Manuel Vicente Maza · Juan Manuel de Rosas · Justo José de Urquiza · Santiago Derqui · Juan Esteban Pedernera National Organization - Argentine Republic (1862-1880) Bartolomé Mitre · Domingo Faustino Sarmiento · Nicolás Avellaneda Generation of '80 - Oligarchic Republic (1880-1916) Julio Argentino Roca · Miguel Juárez Celman · Carlos Pellegrini · Luis Sáenz Peña · José Evaristo Uriburu · Julio Argentino Roca · Manuel Quintana · José Figueroa Alcorta · Roque Sáenz Peña · Victorino de la Plaza First Radical Civic Union terms, after Universal (Male) Suffrage (1916–1930) Hipólito Yrigoyen · Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear · Hipólito Yrigoyen Infamous Decade (1930–1943) José Félix Uriburu · Agustín Pedro Justo · Roberto María Ortiz · Ramón Castillo Revolution of '43 military governments (1943–1946) Arturo Rawson · Pedro Pablo Ramírez · Edelmiro Julián Farrell First Peronist terms (1946–1955) Juan Domingo Perón Revolución Libertadora military dictatorships (1955–1958) Eduardo Lonardi · Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Fragile Democracy - Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966) Arturo Frondizi · José María Guido · Arturo Umberto Illia Revolución Argentina military dictatorships (1966–1973) Juan Carlos Onganía · Roberto M. Levingston · Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Return of Perón (1973–1976) Héctor José Cámpora · Raúl Alberto Lastiri · Juan Domingo Perón · Isabel Martínez de Perón National Reorganization Process military dictatorships (1976–1983) Jorge Rafael Videla · Roberto Eduardo Viola · Leopoldo Galtieri · Reynaldo Bignone Return to Democracy (1983–present) Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín · Carlos Saúl Menem · Fernando de la Rúa · Ramón Puerta · Adolfo Rodríguez Saá · Eduardo Camaño · Eduardo Duhalde · Néstor Kirchner · Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Portal:Politics · Politics of Argentina · President of Argentina · List of Heads of State of Argentina